Solana Cookbook

Sending Transactions

How to send SOL

To send SOL, you will need to interact with the SystemProgramopen in new window.

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import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const fromKeypair = Keypair.generate();
  const toKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  const connection = new Connection(
    "https://api.devnet.solana.com",
    "confirmed"
  );

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromKeypair.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const lamportsToSend = 1_000_000;

  const transferTransaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey,
      toPubkey: toKeypair.publicKey,
      lamports: lamportsToSend,
    })
  );

  await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transferTransaction, [
    fromKeypair,
  ]);
})();

from solana.rpc.api import Client
from solana.keypair import Keypair
from solana.transaction import Transaction
from solana.system_program import TransferParams, transfer

LAMPORT_PER_SOL = 1000000000

client: Client = Client("https://api.devnet.solana.com")

sender = Keypair.generate()
receiver = Keypair.generate()

airdrop = client.request_airdrop(sender.public_key, 1 * LAMPORT_PER_SOL)
airdrop_signature = airdrop["result"]
client.confirm_transaction(airdrop_signature)

transaction = Transaction().add(transfer(TransferParams(
    from_pubkey=sender.public_key,
    to_pubkey=receiver.public_key,
    lamports=1_000_000)
))

client.send_transaction(transaction, sender)

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { Keypair, SystemProgram, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendTenLamportToRandomAddress: FC = () => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: publicKey,
        toPubkey: Keypair.generate().publicKey,
        lamports: 1_000_000,
      })
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_program::system_instruction;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::native_token::LAMPORTS_PER_SOL;
use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};
use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;

fn main() {
    let from = Keypair::new();
    let frompubkey = Signer::pubkey(&from);

    let to = Keypair::new();
    let topubkey = Signer::pubkey(&to);

    let lamports_to_send = 1_000_000;

    let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
    let connection = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());

    ///Airdropping some Sol to the 'from' account
    match connection.request_airdrop(&frompubkey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL) {
        Ok(sig) => loop {
            if let Ok(confirmed) = connection.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
                if confirmed {
                    println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
                    break;
                }
            }
        },
        Err(_) => println!("Error requesting airdrop"),
    };

    ///Creating the transfer sol instruction
    let ix = system_instruction::transfer(&frompubkey, &topubkey, lamports_to_send);

    ///Putting the transfer sol instruction into a transaction
    let recent_blockhash = connection.get_latest_blockhash().expect("Failed to get latest blockhash.");
    let txn = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&frompubkey), &[&from], recent_blockhash);

    ///Sending the transfer sol transaction
    match connection.send_and_confirm_transaction(&txn){
        Ok(sig) => loop {
            if let Ok(confirmed) = connection.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
                if confirmed {
                    println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
                    break;
                }
            }
        },
        Err(e) => println!("Error transferring Sol:, {}", e),
    }

}

solana transfer --from <KEYPAIR> <RECIPIENT_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> 0.001 --allow-unfunded-recipient --url https://api.devnet.solana.com --fee-payer <KEYPAIR>

How to send SPL-Tokens

Use the Token Programopen in new window to transfer SPL Tokens. In order to send a SPL token, you need to know its SPL token account address. You can both get the address and send tokens with the following example.

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const web3 = require("@solana/web3.js");
const { Token } = require("@solana/spl-token");

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new web3.Connection(
    web3.clusterApiUrl("devnet"),
    "confirmed"
  );

  // Generate a new wallet keypair and airdrop SOL
  var fromWallet = web3.Keypair.generate();
  var fromAirdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    web3.LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );
  // Wait for airdrop confirmation
  await connection.confirmTransaction(fromAirdropSignature);

  // Generate a new wallet to receive newly minted token
  const toWallet = web3.Keypair.generate();

  // Create new token mint
  const mint = await Token.createMint(
    connection,
    fromWallet,
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    null,
    9,
    splToken.TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
  );

  // Get the token account of the fromWallet Solana address, if it does not exist, create it
  const fromTokenAccount = await mint.getOrCreateAssociatedAccountInfo(
    fromWallet.publicKey
  );

  //get the token account of the toWallet Solana address, if it does not exist, create it
  const toTokenAccount = await mint.getOrCreateAssociatedAccountInfo(
    toWallet.publicKey
  );

  // Minting 1 new token to the "fromTokenAccount" account we just returned/created
  await mint.mintTo(
    fromTokenAccount.address,
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    [],
    1000000000
  );

  // Add token transfer instructions to transaction
  const transaction = new web3.Transaction().add(
    splToken.Token.createTransferInstruction(
      splToken.TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      fromTokenAccount.address,
      toTokenAccount.address,
      fromWallet.publicKey,
      [],
      1
    )
  );

  // Sign transaction, broadcast, and confirm
  await web3.sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transaction, [fromWallet]);
})();

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { Keypair, SystemProgram, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, createTransferInstruction } from "@solana/spl-token";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendSPLTokenToAddress: FC = (
  fromTokenAccount,
  toTokenAccount,
  fromWallet
) => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      createTransferInstruction(
        fromTokenAccount.address,
        toTokenAccount.address,
        fromWallet.publicKey,
        1,
        [],
        TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
      )
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

$ spl-token transfer AQoKYV7tYpTrFZN6P5oUufbQKAUr9mNYGe1TTJC9wajM 50 vines1vzrYbzLMRdu58ou5XTby4qAqVRLmqo36NKPTg
Transfer 50 tokens
  Sender: 7UX2i7SucgLMQcfZ75s3VXmZZY4YRUyJN9X1RgfMoDUi
  Recipient: vines1vzrYbzLMRdu58ou5XTby4qAqVRLmqo36NKPTg
  Recipient associated token account: F59618aQB8r6asXeMcB9jWuY6NEx1VduT9yFo1GTi1ks

Signature: 5a3qbvoJQnTAxGPHCugibZTbSu7xuTgkxvF4EJupRjRXGgZZrnWFmKzfEzcqKF2ogCaF4QKVbAtuFx7xGwrDUcGd

How to calculate transaction cost

The number of signatures a transaction requires are used to calculate the transaction cost. As long as you are not creating an account, this will be the final transaction cost. To find out more about costs to create an account, check out calculating rent exemption

The two examples below show the two ways currently available to calculate estimated transaction cost.

The first example uses getEstimatedFee, which is a new method on the Transaction class, while the second example uses getFeeForMessage which replaces getFeeCalculatorForBlockhash on the Connection class.

getEstimatedFee

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import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const payee = Keypair.generate();

  const recentBlockhash = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();

  const transaction = new Transaction({
    recentBlockhash: recentBlockhash.blockhash, 
    feePayer: payer.publicKey
  }).add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
      toPubkey: payee.publicKey,
      lamports: 10,
    })
  );

  const fees = await transaction.getEstimatedFee(connection);
  console.log(`Estimated SOL transfer cost: ${fees} lamports`);
  // Estimated SOL transfer cost: 5000 lamports
})();

getFeeForMessage

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import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  Message,
  SystemProgram,
  SYSTEM_INSTRUCTION_LAYOUTS,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import bs58 from "bs58";

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const payee = Keypair.generate();

  const type = SYSTEM_INSTRUCTION_LAYOUTS.Transfer;
  const data = Buffer.alloc(type.layout.span);
  const layoutFields = Object.assign({ instruction: type.index });
  type.layout.encode(layoutFields, data);

  const recentBlockhash = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();

  const messageParams = {
    accountKeys: [
      payer.publicKey.toString(),
      payee.publicKey.toString(),
      SystemProgram.programId.toString(),
    ],
    header: {
      numReadonlySignedAccounts: 0,
      numReadonlyUnsignedAccounts: 1,
      numRequiredSignatures: 1,
    },
    instructions: [
      {
        accounts: [0, 1],
        data: bs58.encode(data),
        programIdIndex: 2,
      },
    ],
    recentBlockhash: recentBlockhash.blockhash,
  };

  const message = new Message(messageParams);

  const fees = await connection.getFeeForMessage(message);
  console.log(`Estimated SOL transfer cost: ${fees.value} lamports`);
  // Estimated SOL transfer cost: 5000 lamports
})();

How to add a memo to a transaction

Any transaction can add a message making use of the memo programopen in new window. Currently the programID from the Memo Program has to be added manually MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr.

Press </> button to view full source
import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const fromKeypair = Keypair.generate();
  const toKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  const connection = new Connection(
    "https://api.devnet.solana.com",
    "confirmed"
  );

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromKeypair.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const lamportsToSend = 10;

  const transferTransaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey,
      toPubkey: toKeypair.publicKey,
      lamports: lamportsToSend,
    })
  );

  await transferTransaction.add(
    new TransactionInstruction({
      keys: [
        { pubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey, isSigner: true, isWritable: true },
      ],
      data: Buffer.from("Data to send in transaction", "utf-8"),
      programId: new PublicKey("MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr"),
    })
  );

  await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transferTransaction, [
    fromKeypair,
  ]);
})();

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import {
  Keypair,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendTenLamportToRandomAddress: FC = () => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: publicKey,
        toPubkey: Keypair.generate().publicKey,
        lamports: 10,
      })
    );

    await transaction.add(
      new TransactionInstruction({
        keys: [{ pubkey: publicKey, isSigner: true, isWritable: true }],
        data: Buffer.from("Data to send in transaction", "utf-8"),
        programId: new PublicKey("MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr"),
      })
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

solana transfer --from <KEYPAIR> <RECIPIENT_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> 0.5 --allow-unfunded-recipient --url https://api.devnet.solana.com --fee-payer <KEYPAIR> --with-memo <MEMO>

How to change compute budget, fee, & priority for a transaction

Transaction (TX) priority is achieved by paying a Prioritization Fee in addition to the Base Fee. By default the compute budget is the product of 200,000 Compute Units (CU) * number of instructions, with a max of 1.4M CU. The Base Fee is 5,000 Lamports. A microLamport is 0.000001 Lamports.

The total compute budget or Prioritization Fee for a single TX can be changed by adding instructions from the ComputeBudgetProgram.

ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ microLamports: number }) will add a Prioritization Fee above the Base Fee (5,000 Lamports). The value provided in microLamports will be multiplied by the CU budget to determine the Prioritization Fee in Lamports. For example, if your CU budget is 1M CU, and you add 1 microLamport/CU, the Prioritization Fee will be 1 Lamport (1M * 0.000001). The total fee will then be 5001 Lamports.

Use ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: number }) to set the new compute budget. The value provided will replace the default value. Transactions should request the minimum amount of CU required for execution to maximize throughput, or minimize fees.

Press </> button to view full source
import { BN } from "@project-serum/anchor";
import {
  Keypair,
  Connection,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  ComputeBudgetProgram,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const toAccount = Keypair.generate().publicKey;

  const connection = new Connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899", "confirmed");

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    payer.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const modifyComputeUnits = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ 
    units: 1000000 
  });

  const addPriorityFee = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ 
    microLamports: 1 
  });

  // Total fee will be 5,001 Lamports for 1M CU
  const transaction = new Transaction()
    .add(modifyComputeUnits)
    .add(addPriorityFee)
    .add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
        toPubkey: toAccount,
        lamports: 10000000,
      })
    );

  const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transaction, [
    payer,
  ]);
  console.log(signature);
  const result = await connection.getParsedTransaction(signature);
  console.log(result);
})();

//! @brief Example Budget Management

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_program::{instruction::Instruction, message::Message, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_sdk::{
    compute_budget::ComputeBudgetInstruction,
    pubkey,
    signature::{Keypair, Signature},
    signer::Signer,
    transaction::Transaction,
};

/// Submits the program instruction as per the instruction definition
fn submit_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut transaction =
        Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(&instructions, Some(&wallet_signer.pubkey())));
    let recent_blockhash = rpc_client
        .get_latest_blockhash()
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: unable to get recent blockhash: {}", err))?;
    transaction
        .try_sign(&vec![wallet_signer], recent_blockhash)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: failed to sign transaction: {}", err))?;
    let signature = rpc_client
        .send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: send transaction: {}", err))?;
    Ok(signature)
}

const PROG_KEY: Pubkey = pubkey!("PWDnx8LkjJUn9bAVzG6Fp6BuvB41x7DkBZdo9YLMGcc");

/// Increase the Transaction Budget and call normal instruction(s)
/// Here we send redundant transactions to witness Compute Budget drawdown
fn send_instructions_demo(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {{
    let accounts = &[];
    let txn = submit_transaction(
        &connection,
        &wallet_signer,
        // Array of instructions: 0: Set Compute Unit Limt, 1: Set Prioritization Fee, 
        // 2: Do something, 3: Do something else
        [ComputeBudgetInstruction::set_compute_unit_limit(1_000_000u32),
        ComputeBudgetInstruction::set_compute_unit_price(1u32),
        Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY, &0u8, accounts.to_vec()),
        Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY, &0u8, accounts.to_vec())].to_vec(),
    )?;
    println!("{:?}", txn);
    Ok(())
}

Program Logs Example ( Exploreropen in new window ):

[ 1] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 invoke [1]
[ 2] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 success
[ 3]
[ 4] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 invoke [1]
[ 5] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 success
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